電子采購(gòu)(electronic procurement) (也稱(chēng)為e采購(gòu)(e procurement))利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使企業(yè)采購(gòu)物品和服務(wù)變得更加容易、快捷且更便宜。電子采購(gòu)可以帶來(lái)多種益處:交易收益、合規(guī)收益、管理信息收益以及價(jià)格收益。交易收益衡量的是電子采購(gòu)所帶來(lái)的交易效率提升的益處(例如，開(kāi)發(fā)票與支付的時(shí)間間隔縮短)。合規(guī)收益關(guān)注的是遵守所建立的采購(gòu)政策而帶來(lái)的節(jié)約。管理信息收益包括實(shí)施電子采購(gòu)后管理信息、顧客滿(mǎn)意以及供應(yīng)商滿(mǎn)意水平所帶來(lái)的好處。價(jià)格收益是指采用電子采購(gòu)所帶來(lái)的價(jià)格方面的節(jié)約。例如，發(fā)票的電子化處理能夠節(jié)省大量的郵資和信箋等方面的費(fèi)用，而這部分節(jié)約也能夠傳遞給買(mǎi)方。
Electronic Procurement (electronic procurement) (also known as e procurement (e procurement)) uses the Internet to make it easier, faster, and cheaper for businesses to purchase goods and services.Electronic procurement can offer a variety of benefits: transaction gains, compliance gains, management information gains, and price gains.Transaction gains measure the benefits of increased transaction efficiency (e. g., the shortened interval between invoicing and payments).Compliance benefits focus on the savings resulting from compliance with the established procurement policies.Management information revenue includes the benefits of management information, customer satisfaction and supplier satisfaction level.Price gain refers to the price savings caused by the adoption of electronic procurement.For example, the electronic processing of invoices can save a lot of postage and letterhead costs, and this savings can also be passed on to the buyer.
電子采購(gòu)也存在一些重要 的缺陷。對(duì)一般的電子商務(wù)而言，尤其是電子采購(gòu)，其中一個(gè)顧慮就是被傳送的信息的安全，也就是存在敏感或私人信息被盜或被泄露的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另一個(gè)顧慮是電子采購(gòu)沒(méi)有人情味，人與人之間的互動(dòng)被機(jī)器間的互動(dòng)所取代。另外，盡管對(duì)電子采購(gòu)的潛在益處有天花亂墜的宣傳，但一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)只有大約25%的被調(diào)查企業(yè)命令使用電子采購(gòu)。這項(xiàng)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在具備使用電子采購(gòu)工具所要求的技能和知識(shí)等方面用戶(hù)信心明顯下降。
There are also some important defects in electronic procurement.For general e-commerce, especially electronic procurement, one of the concerns is the security of the information being transmitted, that is, the risk of sensitive or private information being stolen or leaked.Another concern is that electronic procurement is unhuman and human interaction is replaced by interactions between machines.Also, despite the hype about the potential benefits of electronic procurement, one study found that only about 25% of the surveyed companies ordered it to use it.The study also found a significant decrease in user confidence in having the skills and knowledge required to use electronic procurement tools.
電子采購(gòu)大大促進(jìn)了在線逆向拍賣(mài)活動(dòng)的發(fā)展。你可能熟悉傳統(tǒng)的拍賣(mài)，在那里多個(gè)買(mǎi)家競(jìng)標(biāo)一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)品最后賣(mài)給出價(jià)最高的投標(biāo)人。而相反，在逆向拍賣(mài)中，一個(gè)買(mǎi)家邀請(qǐng)多個(gè)賣(mài)家投標(biāo)，出價(jià)最低的賣(mài)家通常會(huì)贏得該業(yè)務(wù)。隨著逆向拍賣(mài)的發(fā)展，逆向拍賣(mài)的一些決定因素也在變化。例如在一些情況下買(mǎi)家可以豁免去接受最低的投標(biāo)，而在其他一些情況下買(mǎi)家也可以不必接受任何一個(gè)投標(biāo)。
Electronic procurement has greatly promoted the development of online reverse auction activities.You may be familiar with traditional auctions where multiple buyers bid for a particular product and the product is finally sold to the highest bidder.Instead, in a reverse auction, a buyer invites multiple sellers to bid, and the seller with the lowest bid usually wins the business.As reverse auctions develop, some determinants of reverse auctions also change.For example, in some cases the buyer is exempt from accepting the lowest bid, and in some other cases the buyer can not have to accept any one.
買(mǎi)方往往喜歡逆向拍賣(mài)，因?yàn)樗麄兊哪繕?biāo)是獲得低的采購(gòu)價(jià)格，而且逆向拍賣(mài)的在線特性使得買(mǎi)方能夠很快打探到一個(gè)賣(mài)方的低價(jià)格。相反，賣(mài)方則對(duì)逆向拍賣(mài)表示譴責(zé)，因?yàn)槟嫦蚺馁u(mài)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是低價(jià)格。然而，逆向拍賣(mài)也可以給賣(mài)方提供有價(jià)值的信息，例如其他投標(biāo)人的數(shù)目。在某種意義上這可能非常重要，因?yàn)榇罅康耐稑?biāo)人很可能導(dǎo)致很大的價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
Buys tend to prefer reverse auctions because they aim to get low purchase prices, and the online nature of reverse auctions allows buyers to quickly probe into a seller's low price.Instead, the seller condemned the reverse auction, which mainly focused on low prices.However, a reverse auction can also provide sellers with valuable information, such as the number of other bidders.In a sense this can be very important because the large number of bidders are likely to cause great price competition.
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